Helicobacter pylori has co-evolved with humans to infect the stomach mucosa persistently. H. pylori infection is the most prevalent chronic bacterial infection in humans. It causes chronic-active gastritis in all infected individuals and is the leading etiologic agent for the development of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Understanding H. pylori-driven host responses is key to preventing and treating H. pylori-associated disease. The past year has seen significant progress in unlocking H. pylori inflammatory mechanisms, immune regulation, and novel prophylactic strategies. This review summarizes the most important publications from April 2024 to March 2025 and discusses their implications for understanding H. pylori pathogenesis and the future development of effective vaccines.